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Basic Math: Essential Concepts and Examples

Mathematics plays a vital role in our everyday existence, enabling us to tackle challenges, arrive at informed choices, and comprehend the world surrounding us. Within this article, we will delve into fundamental mathematical principles, accompanied by illustrations and essential equations necessary for attaining proficiency in elementary arithmetic.

1. Addition

Addition involves combining two or more numbers to get a total sum. For example, if you have 7 oranges and buy 5 more, how many oranges do you have in total?

$[ 7 + 5 = 12 ]$

So, you have 12 oranges.

2. Subtraction

Subtraction is the process of taking one number away from another. For example, if you have 15 candies and give 6 to your friend, how many candies are left?

$[ 15 – 6 = 9 ]$

So, you have 9 candies left.

3. Multiplication

Multiplication is essentially repeated addition. For instance, if you have 4 bags, and each bag contains 8 marbles, how many marbles do you have in total?

$[ 4 \times 8 = 32 ]$

So, you have 32 marbles.

4. Division

Division involves splitting a number into equal parts. For example, if you have 20 apples and want to divide them equally among 5 friends, how many apples does each friend get?

$[ \frac{20}{5} = 4 ]$

Each friend gets 4 apples.

5. Fractions

A fraction represents a part of a whole. For example, if you have a pizza and cut it into 8 equal slices, and you eat 3 slices, what fraction of the pizza have you eaten?

You have eaten $(\frac{3}{8})$ of the pizza.

6. Decimals

Decimals are used to represent parts of a whole number. For example, if you have ₹1, and you spend ₹0.25 on candy, how much money do you have left?

$[ 1 – 0.25 = 0.75 ]$

You have ₹0.75 left.

7. Percentages

A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. For example, if you scored 80 out of 100 on a test, what is your score as a percentage?

$[ \frac{80}{100} \times 100 = 80\% ]$

Your score is 80%.

8. Area of a Rectangle

The area of a rectangle is calculated by multiplying its length by its width. For example, a rectangle has a length of 10 meters and a width of 5 meters. What is its area?

$[ \text{Area} = 10 \times 5 = 50 \text{ square meters} ]$

9. Perimeter of a Square

The perimeter of a square is the total distance around its four sides. For example, a square has a side length of 6 meters. What is its perimeter?

$[ \text{Perimeter} = 4 \times 6 = 24 \text{ meters} ]$

10. Simple Interest

Simple interest is calculated using the formula (\frac{P \times R \times T}{100}), where (P) is the principal amount, (R) is the rate of interest, and (T) is the time. For example, if you invest ₹1,000 at an interest rate of 5% per year for 2 years, what is the simple interest earned?

$ \text{Simple Interest} = \frac{1000 \times 5 \times 2}{100} = $₹$100 $

You will earn ₹100 in simple interest.

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